Fundamentals of Encryption & Quantum-Safe Techniques Cognitive Class Exam Quiz Answers

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Fundamentals of Encryption & Quantum-Safe Techniques Cognitive Class Certification Answers

Module 1: Introduction to Encryption Quiz Answers – Cognitive Class

Question 1: According to the referenced report, what is the average cost of a data breach?

$300K
$10M
$1.87M
$4.35M

Question 2: What type of encryption uses the same key to both encrypt and decrypt the data?

Public key encryption
Private key encryption
Same key encryption
Single key encryption

Question 3: In what year was 56bit DES encryption broken?

1998
1978
2000
1988

Question 4: Encrypted data is also known as what?

Gibberish
Encrypted text
Cypher text
Plain text

Question 5: Why did a South African bank have to replace 12 Million bank cards?

An insider shared all of the card numbers and their associated PINs
Hackers stole their PIN numbers
Hackers stole the card numbers
An insider gained access to the bank’s master encryption key

Module 2: The Quantum Era and Quantum Computers Quiz Answers – Cognitive Class

Question 1: What is the gold standard for public key encryption today?

DES 512
RSA 4096
AES 256
RSA 2048

Question 2: Which of the 4 finalist algorithms as selected by NIST is hash based?

SPHINCS+
CRYSTALS-Dilithium
FALCON
CRYSTALS-Kyber

Question 3: True or false, AES 128 is currently considered to be Quantum-safe?

True
False

Question 4: How does Grover’s algorithm impact the strength of an encryption key?

It decreases it by 75%
It doubles it
It quadruples it
It cuts it in half

Question 5: A qubit is like doing what to a coin?

Cutting it in half
Doubling it
Spinning it
Flipping it

Module 3: Safeguard your Data with Quantum-Safe Cryptography Quiz Answers – Cognitive Class

Question 1: Peak visibility is achieved by analyzing what?

Logs and metrics
Logs, metrics, and traces
Metrics and traces
Logs and traces

Question 2: Cryptographic agility requires which of the following?

An architecture that can evolve over time
The ability to suppprt both Quantum-safe algorithms and current algorithms
A web service based architecture
Quantum-safe algorithms

Question 3: Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to build a cryptographic inventory?

Run time tracing
Manual discovery
Static scanning
Extraction from key management tools

Question 4: What are the two types of data discovery?

Manual and Application
User and Automated
Manual and Automated
User and Application

Question 5: Y2Q is also known as what?

Q-Day
Quantum-safe
Years before Quantum computers
Years to Quantum computing

Fundamentals of Encryption & Quantum-Safe Techniques Quiz Answers – Cognitive Class

Question 1: Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the encryption key management lifecycle?

Rotation
Reinstatement
Creation
Revocation

Question 2: The longer an encryption key is used, the more data it is likely protecting, which does what to the value of that key to attackers?

Negates it
Has no impact
Increases it
Decreases it

Question 3: What are the 3 main types of key management systems?

Native, local, and global
Localized, centralized, and decentralized
Native, non-native, and global
Native, localized, and centralized

Question 4: According to the referenced report, what is the average cost of a data breach?

$4.35M
$1.87M
$300K
$10M

Question 5: What can NOT happen if current cryptography (encryption) is broken?

Data becomes more secure
Change history
Launch extortion attacks
Create fake identities

Question 6: On January 15, 1977, the NBS adopted the first-ever Data Encryption Standard (DES) for the United States, and the world would soon follow. Who created this algorithm?

Google
Microsoft
NIST
IBM

Question 7: Digital signatures, like those used to sign legal documents online, are based on what?

Least trust coordination
Private keys
Quantum-safe algorithms
Public keys

Question 8: What does the HTTPS indicate in a website URL?

The website name has been encrypted
There are multiple websites with the same IP address
There are multiple websites with the same URL
The website is secured using SSL/TLS

Question 9: What is the gold standard for public key encryption today?

DES 512
RSA 4096
AES 256
RSA 2048

Question 10: Which of the 4 finalist algorithms does NIST recommend as the primary algorithm for digital signatures?

FALCON
CRYSTALS-Dilithium
SPHINCS+
CRYSTALS-Kyber

Question 11: Which of the 4 finalist algorithms as selected by NIST is the largest and slowest?

FALCON
CRYSTALS-Dilithium
SPHINCS+
CRYSTALS-Kyber

Question 12: Which algorithm can be used on a Quantum computer to crack today’s public key encryption?

Pythagorean Theorem
Mosca’s Theorem
Shor’s Algorithm
Grover’s Algorithm

Question 13: A 4 qubit machine can represent how many bit combinations at the same time?

16
4
1024
1

Question 14: According the Michele Mosca, what is the probability that public key encryption will be broken by the year 2031?

1 in 1000
1 in 5
1 in 7
1 in 2

Question 15: Today’s most widespread encryption protocols rely on which of the following to provide cybersecurity?

VPNs
The memory limits of classical computers
Firewalls
The computational limits of classical computers

Question 16: Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to build a cryptographic inventory?

Run time tracing
Manual discovery
Static scanning
Extraction from key management tools

Question 17: A DevSecOps model allows security teams to do what?

Change data encryption throughout the software development lifecycle
Implement and monitor data encryption throughout the software development lifecycle
Monitor data encryption throughout the software development lifecycle
Implement data encryption throughout the software development lifecycle

Question 18: What open source project provides a common API today for testing and prototyping?

The Quantum Safe Security (QSS) project
The Open Quantum Safe (OQS) project
The Post Quantum Safe (PQS) project
The Quantum Security (QS) project

Question 19: Which of the following is NOT part of a cryptographic inventory?

Algorithm
Key Length
Owner
Key

Question 20: Organizations can examine their hardware security modules to find encryption information. What approach to finding cryptography is this considered to be?

Static scanning
Run time tracing
Automatic
Manual

Question 21: In order to be valuable, a crptographic inventory needs to be ________.

Compiled into the application
Shared with the CSO
Appended to the data catalog
Kept up to date

Question 22: Which of the 4 milestones to becoming Quantum-safe can be started today?

None
Only Preparation
Preparation, Discovery, and Transformation
Preparation and Discovery

Question 23: As you add qubits to a Quantum computer, it’s power increases how?

Incrementally
Proportionally
Fractionally
Exponentially

Question 24: Which of the following is NOT one of the states that data can be in?

In use
At rest
In motion
On the cloud

Question 25: Which of the following is most well known for securing data at rest today?

GDPR encryption
RSA encryption
SSL/TLS encryption
AES encryption

Introduction to Fundamentals of Encryption & Quantum-Safe Techniques

Fundamentals of Encryption:

Encryption is a fundamental technique used to secure sensitive information by converting it into an unreadable format that can only be accessed or deciphered by authorized parties who possess the corresponding decryption key. Here are the key fundamentals of encryption:

Key Concepts:
- Plaintext and Ciphertext: Original, readable data is called plaintext. When encrypted, it becomes ciphertext, which is not easily understood without the decryption key.
- Encryption Algorithm: The mathematical process or set of rules used to convert plaintext into ciphertext.
- Key: A secret parameter used by the encryption algorithm. The security of the encryption system relies on the strength of the key.
Symmetric Encryption:
- In symmetric encryption, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. It is fast and efficient but requires a secure method of key exchange.
Asymmetric Encryption:
- Asymmetric encryption involves a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This eliminates the need for a secure key exchange but is computationally more intensive.
Hash Functions:
- Hash functions generate fixed-size output (hash) from variable-size input. They are commonly used for data integrity verification and password storage.
Key Management:
- Effective key management is crucial for the security of encrypted data. This includes key generation, distribution, storage, and rotation.
Common Encryption Algorithms:
- Examples include Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for symmetric encryption and RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), and Diffie-Hellman for asymmetric encryption.
SSL/TLS Protocols:
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols are widely used for securing communication over the internet, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.

Quantum-Safe Techniques:

With the advent of quantum computers, certain algorithms used in classical encryption may become vulnerable. Quantum-safe or post-quantum cryptography aims to develop encryption techniques that remain secure even against the computational power of quantum computers. Here are key concepts:

Quantum Computing Threat:
- Quantum computers, when fully developed, could efficiently solve certain mathematical problems, such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms, which are the basis of some widely used encryption algorithms.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD):
- QKD is a method that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to secure a communication channel. It allows two parties to produce a shared random secret key, which can then be used for secure communication.
Post-Quantum Cryptography:
- Post-quantum cryptography refers to cryptographic algorithms that are believed to be secure against quantum attacks. These include lattice-based cryptography, hash-based cryptography, code-based cryptography, and more.
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization:
- The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is actively working on standardizing post-quantum cryptographic algorithms to ensure the security of information in the post-quantum era.
Transition Plans:
- Organizations are encouraged to develop transition plans to migrate from existing cryptographic algorithms to quantum-safe alternatives as they become standardized.
Quantum-Safe Hybrid Cryptography:
- Hybrid approaches involve combining classical and quantum-safe algorithms. For example, using traditional encryption for confidentiality and QKD for key distribution.
Quantum-Safe Best Practices:
- Organizations should stay informed about developments in quantum computing and regularly assess their cryptographic systems to ensure they remain secure.

The landscape of encryption is evolving, and it is essential for organizations to adopt encryption best practices while also preparing for the potential impact of quantum computing on cryptographic systems in the future.